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He lengthened, for example, the traditional toise by some 20 inches to make the new toise usuelle equal to two metres in the new metric system.Īfter Napoleon fell from power in spring 1814, the mesures usuelles technically remained in place, but the traditional measures from before the revolution came back into use. Napoleon Bonaparte, who took power in France in 1799, was ambivalent about the metric system, dismissing it as “tormenting the people with trivia.” In 1812, as trading continued in the old units, he introduced the so-called mesures usuelles (customary measures), a compromise between the metric system and the traditional system. ( The kilogram is no longer based on a metal cylinder in France. Also, in computing prices of goods in the new way, sellers rounded up to their advantage, further damaging the reputation of the new system with the general public. Many people preferred their old customs of measurement. Government proclamation was one thing, but practical use was another. The metric system was officially adopted in France on December 10, 1799. Selling the systemīy 1795 the savants had used this measurement as the foundation of a completely new system: The metre would be used for length, the gram for mass, and the litre for volume. Chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier called the journey “the most important mission that any man has ever been charged with.” After several years of work, they delivered their calculations (recent satellite surveys have affirmed their values were off, but not by very much). In 1792 astronomers Jean-Baptiste Delambre and Pierre Méchain began their measurements of the meridian. It was little wonder that this chaotic system was prone to fraud and stifled domestic and foreign trade. An aune, used to measure cloth, was based on the width of local looms. There was little or no standardisation: In Paris, a pinte was the equivalent of 0.93 liters in Saint-Denis, it was 1.46. Some measures were extremely basic: In early 18th-century Bordeaux, a unit of land was defined by how far a man’s voice carried. The savants faced reforming a patchwork of up to 800 different units of measurement, from the toise to the lieue and the quart to the pinte. Over the centuries since Rome’s fall, it had broken down into myriad local systems across France. It also ended the right of the nobility to control the weights and measures used in their fiefdoms.Īs elsewhere in Europe, the old weights and measures originated in a system used by the Romans. The early stages of the revolution famously abolished the last vestiges of feudalism in France. ( A century earlier, France was also the duelling capital of Europe.) At the time of the French Revolution in 1789, Paris was the global capital of science, whose leading lights, the savants (wise ones), made lasting contributions to physics, chemistry, and biology.
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